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Genomics and genetic breeding in aquatic animals: progress and prospects

Wenteng XU, Songlin CHEN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第3期页码 305-318 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017154

摘要： Genomics focuses on dissection of genome structure and function to provide a molecular basis for understanding the genetic background. In a pivotal step, the expense of whole genome sequencing has been largely eliminated by the rapid updating of sequencing technology, leading to increasing numbers of decoded genomes of aquatic organisms, driving the aquaculture industry into the genomic era. Multiple aquatic areas have been influenced by these findings, such as accelerated generation shift in the seed industry and the process of breeding improved lines. In this article, we have summarized the latest domestic and international progress of aquatic animals in nine aspects, including WGS and fine mapping, construction of high density genetic/physical maps, trait-related marker/genes screening, as well as sex control, genome editing, and other molecular breeding technologies. Finally, the existing problems in this field have been discussed and five future counter measures have been proposed accordingly.

关键词： aquaculture genomics genetic breeding progress

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Genetic study and molecular breeding for high phosphorus use efficiency in maize

null

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 366-379 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019278

摘要：

Phosphorus is the second most important macronutrient after nitrogen and it has many vital functions in the life of plants. Most soils have a low available P content, which has become a key limiting factor for increasing crop production. Also, low P use efficiency (PUE) of crops in conjunction with excessive application of P fertilizers has resulted in serious environmental problems. Thus, dissecting the genetic architecture of crop PUE, mining related quantitative trait loci (QTL) and using molecular breeding methods to improve high PUE germplasm are of great significance and serve as an efficient approach for the development of sustainable agriculture. In this review, molecular and phenotypic characteristics of maize inbred lines with high PUE, related QTL and genes as well as low-P responses are summarized. Based on this, a breeding strategy applying genomic selection as the core, and integrating the existing genetic information and molecular breeding techniques is proposed for breeding high PUE maize inbred lines and hybrids.

关键词： maize phosphorus use efficiency quantitative trait loci genetic study molecular breeding genomic selection

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Plant genetic engineering and genetically modified crop breeding: history and current status

Xingchun WANG,Shujun CHANG,Jie LU,Rupert FRAY,Don GRIERSON,Yuanhuai HAN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第1期页码 5-27 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017131

摘要： This review charts the major developments in the genetic manipulation of plant cells that have taken place since the first gene transfer experiments using Ti plasmids in 1983. Tremendous progress has been made in both our scientific understanding and technological capabilities since the first genetically modified (GM) crops were developed with single gene resistances to herbicides, insects, viruses, and the silencing of unde-sirable genes. Despite opposition in some parts of the world, the area planted with first generation GM crops has grown from 1.7 Mhm in 1996 to 179.7 Mhm hectares in 2015. The toolkit available for genetic modification has expanded greatly since 1996 and recently Nobel Laureates have called on Greenpeace to end their blanket opposition, and plant scientists have urged that consideration be given to the benefits of GM crops based on actual evidence. It is now possible to use GM to breed new crop cultivars resistant to a much wider range of pests and diseases, and to produce crops better able to adapt to climate change. The advent of new CRISPR-based technologies makes it possible to contemplate a much wider range of improvements based on transfer of new metabolic pathways and traits to improve nutritional quality, with a much greater degree of precision. Use of GM, sometimes in conjunction with other approaches, offers great opportunities for improving food quality, safety, and security in a changing world.

关键词： plant transformation transgene genetic modification

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水稻eui种质的遗传评价和育种利用

杨仁崔

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第8期页码 26-30

摘要：

发现水稻节间伸长的eui新基因及其高秆隐性种质的多型性，育成长穗颈的雄性不育系，组配成e(eui)-杂交稻，并已进入生产应用。e-杂交稻研究和发展的目标是：减少杂交稻种子生产中50%～90%的赤霉素用量，并提高种子产量和质量；杂交稻增产，同时减少杂交稻种植的氮肥用量。已克隆分离出EUI1，EUI2基因，并获得该突变基因碱基缺失多样性的材料，将为植物生长发育，GA代谢激素与杂种优势，以及基因突变的分子机理和植物基因工程的研究提供材料和机遇。

关键词：水稻 eui e-杂交稻遗传评价育种

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Research progress on genetic improvement of

Chuanping YANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 391-401 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017183

摘要： Suk. is one of the most widely distributed species of , the fourth most valuable timber species in north-eastern China and also a common tree species for landscaping. Over the past 30 years, effective progress has been made in genetic improvement and molecular breeding of . There has been extensive research on breeding techniques, including the collection and conservation of germplasm resources, provenance trials, intensive breeding techniques, crossbreeding and asexual propagation techniques, ploidy breeding and mutation breeding technology, genome sequencing, gene cloning, transgenic and molecular mechanisms of wood formation. A germplasm resource collection has been established by collecting different provenances, and full-sib and half-sib families. In addition, the geographic variation patterns of provenances have been revealed, and the provenance division and superior provenance selections made. flowering and seeding have been improved through intensive breeding techniques. Interspecific hybridization, intraspecific hybridization and parallel crosses were made using fine parents, and intensive seed orchards have been established. Systems of asexual propagation, including cuttings, grafting and tissue culture have been established. A tetraploid was successfully constructed and a triploid seed orchard established. The growth, wood property and resistance genes of have been cloned. An efficient transgenic system mediated by was established, and genes encoding insect resistance, drought resistance and salt tolerance, lignin synthesis, flowering, hormone transport and balance obtained. molecular markers were developed and the high density genetic map constructed. All this research has provided a model and data for the foundation of forest genetic improvement and applied research.

关键词： Betula platyphylla genetic improvement molecular breeding seed orchard

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Molecular regulation and genetic improvement of seed oil content in

Wei HUA,Jing LIU,Hanzhong WANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第3期页码 186-194 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016107

摘要： As an important oil crop and a potential bioenergy crop, L. is becoming a model plant for basic research on seed lipid biosynthesis as well as seed oil content, which has always been the key breeding objective. In this review, we present current progress in understanding of the regulation of oil content in , including genetics, biosynthesis pathway, transcriptional regulation, maternal effects and QTL analysis. Furthermore, the history of breeding for high oil content in is summarized and the progress in breeding ultra-high oil content lines is described. Finally, prospects for breeding high oil content cultivars are outlined.

关键词： breeding maternal effects oilseed rape QTL

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Foxtail millet: nutritional and eating quality, and prospects for genetic improvement

Lu HE,Bin ZHANG,Xingchun WANG,Hongying LI,Yuanhuai HAN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第2期页码 124-133 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2015054

摘要： Foxtail millet is a minor yet important crop in some areas of the world, particularly northern China. It has strong adaptability to abiotic stresses, especially drought, and poor soil. It also has high nutritional value. Foxtail millet is rich in essential amino acids, fatty acids and minerals, and is considered to be one of the most digestible and non-allergenic grains available and has significant importance for human health. Given foxtail millet’s ability to adapt to abiotic stresses associated with climate change, it is more important than ever to develop breeding strategies that facilitate the increasing demand for high quality grain that better satisfies consumers. Here we review research on foxtail millet quality evaluation, appearance, cooking and eating quality at the phenotypic level. We review analysis of the main nutrients in foxtail millet, their relationships and the biochemical and genetic factors affecting their accumulation. In addition, we review past progress in breeding this regionally important crop, outline current status of breeding of foxtail millet, and make suggestions to improve grain quality.

关键词： foxtail millet grain quality quality evaluation breeding for quality

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水产遗传育种与水产种业发展战略研究

桂建芳,包振民,张晓娟

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第3期页码 8-14 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.03.002

摘要：

20多年来，随着水生生物学和生物技术的发展，我国在水产遗传育种与种业方面取得了诸多进展，但也面临着机遇和挑战。本文围绕种质资源保存与利用、遗传机制解析与功能基因挖掘、优良性状新品种选育、水产种业建设等，开展国内外遗传育种现状对比分析研究，分析了当前存在的一些问题，提出未来特别是“十三五”期间水产遗传育种科技发展目标和重点任务。

关键词：水产养殖水产遗传育种水产种业

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Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Zachariah MCLEAN, Björn OBACK, Götz LAIBLE

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 148-160 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019305

摘要：

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.

关键词： animal breeding cattle cloning CRISPR/Cas9 cytoplasmic injection embryo genome editing germline chimaeras HDR livestock improvement TALENs

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Genetic improvement of wheat grain quality at CIMMYT

Carlos GUZMÁN, Karim AMMAR, Velu GOVINDAN, Ravi SINGH

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第3期页码 265-272 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019260

摘要：

The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is the global leader in publicly-funded maize and wheat research and in farming systems based on these crops. CIMMYT leads the Global Wheat Program (GWP), which includes some of the largest wheat breeding programs in the world. The GWP has been successful in developing wheat germplasm that is used extensively worldwide. Wheat quality improvement is a central component of all the breeding efforts at CIMMYT and the Wheat Chemistry and Quality Laboratory represents an integral part of the breeding programs. Wheat quality is addressed at CIMMYT over the full range of this very wide and variable concept with milling, processing, end-use and nutritional quality targeted. Wheat progenitors and advanced lines developed by the breeders are assessed for diverse quality attributes, with the aim of identifying those that fulfill the requirements in terms of milling, processing, end-use and nutritional quality in different target regions. Significant research is conducted to make more efficient the integration of wheat quality traits in the breeding programs. The main topics being addressed are (1) methodologies to analyze grain quality traits, (2) genetic control and environmental effects on quality traits, (3) characterization of genetic resources for quality improvement, and (4) diversifying grain properties for novel uses.

关键词： biofortification breeding grain quality wheat

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Genetic variability of Appaloosa horses: a study of a closed breeding population from Argentina

Claudia Malena CORBI-BOTTO,Sebastian Andres SADABA,Elina Ines FRANCISCO,Paula Belen KALEMKERIAN,Juan Pedro LIRON,Egle Etel VILLEGAS-CASTAGNASSO,Guillermo GIOVAMBATTISTA,Pilar PERAL-GARCIA,Silvina DIAZ

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第3期页码 175-178 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014019

摘要： The genetic diversity and structure of 72 Appaloosa horses belonging to a closed breeding population from an ecological reserve in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was investigated using eight microsatellite markers from the International Society for Animal Genetics panel. Our data showed that this Appaloosa horse population had an elevated degree of genetic diversity (He= 0.746) and did not present a significant increase of homozygous individuals ( ~0). However, the short tandem repeats, AHT5, ASB2, HTG10 and VHL20, were not in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium ( -value<0.05). Genetic relationships between this population and other well known horse breeds showed that Appaloosa horses from Argentina could have had their origin in the horses of the Nez Perce’s people in Idaho while other Appaloosa horses may have had influences from Andalusian and Lusitano breeds. This closed breeding population conserves an important degree of Appaloosa genetic diversity and notwithstanding its particular breeding characteristics, represents a valuable genetic resource for conservation.

关键词： horse genetic diversity microsatellite Appaloosa population structure conservation

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发展我国大豆遗传改良事业解决国内大豆供给问题

盖钧镒

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第5期页码 1-6

摘要：

文章从近年我国大豆生产状况及进口大豆增长速率提出我国面临的大豆供给问题，从大豆在国人营养的历史地位和现代加工利用地位论证了保障供给的必要性，指出只有立足本国生产适当进口调济，才能真正保障供给。提出发展我国大豆生产的五方面措施，并就发展我国大豆遗传改良这个最重要的技术方面，提出了建立并完善我国大豆育种研究体系；围绕大豆遗传改良建设多学科相互交叉渗透的研究队伍和研究氛围；对高产材料与高产理想型的塑造、杂种种子生产与杂种优势利用、重要品质性状指标的突破等关键问题组织协同攻关，突破一点带动全面；发展我国大豆基因组学研究，促进大豆育种技术革新等4点建议。

关键词：豆生产保障供给进口调控发展措施遗传改良

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Comments on this special issue on “Wheat Genetics and Breeding”

Zhonghu HE, Xu LLU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第3期页码 309-309 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019264

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Highlights of special issue on “Wheat Genetics and Breeding”

Zhonghu HE, Zhendong ZHAO, Shunhe CHENG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第3期页码 207-209 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019263

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Wheat research and breeding in the new era of a high-quality reference genome

Rudi APPELS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第3期页码 225-232 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019265

摘要：

The publications of the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) released in August 2018 are reviewed and placed into the context of developments arising from the availability of the high-quality wheat genome assembly.

关键词： assembly technology molecular markers polyploidy transcript networks wheat genome